簡介：

煉油是將原油或其他油脂進行蒸餾不改變分子結(jié)構(gòu)的一種工藝，由于在石油煉制過程中，原油必須經(jīng)過一系列工藝加工過程，才能得到有用的各種石油產(chǎn)品。一般是指石油煉制，也就是把原油等裂解為符合內(nèi)燃機使用的煤油、汽油、柴油、重油等燃料，并生產(chǎn)化工原料，如烯烴、芳烴等，現(xiàn)在的煉油廠一般為油化結(jié)合型煉廠。

煉油一般是指石油煉制，是將石油通過蒸餾的方法分離生產(chǎn)符合內(nèi)燃機使用的煤油、汽油、 柴油等燃料油，副產(chǎn)物為石油氣和渣油，比燃料油重的組份，又通過熱裂化、催化裂化等工藝化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化為燃料油，這些燃料油有的要采用加氫等工藝進行精制。

重的減壓渣油則經(jīng)溶劑脫瀝青過程生產(chǎn)出脫瀝青油和石油瀝青，或經(jīng)過延遲焦化工藝使重油裂化為燃料油組份，并副產(chǎn)石油焦。潤滑油型煉油廠經(jīng)溶劑精制、溶劑脫蠟和補充加氫等工藝，生產(chǎn)出各種發(fā)動機潤滑油、機械油、變壓器油、液壓油等各種特殊工業(yè)用油。如今加氫工藝更多地用于燃料油和潤滑油的生產(chǎn)中。此外，為石油化工生產(chǎn)原料的煉油廠還采用加氫裂解工藝。

煉油的生產(chǎn)工藝有很多種，主要有以下幾類

常壓蒸餾
利用加熱爐，分餾塔等設(shè)備將原油氣化，烴（碳?xì)浠衔锏目偡Q）類化合物在不同的溫度下蒸發(fā)，然后將這些物質(zhì)冷卻為液體，生產(chǎn)出一系列的石油制品。其工藝流程為：原油換熱→初餾→常壓蒸餾。

減壓蒸餾
利用降低壓力從而降低沸點的原理，將常壓重油在減壓塔內(nèi)分餾，從重油中分出柴油、潤滑油、石蠟、瀝青等產(chǎn)品。

催化裂化
催化裂化是在熱裂化工藝上發(fā)展起來的，是提高原油加工深度，生產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)汽油、柴油重要的工藝操作。原料主要是原油蒸餾或其他煉油裝置的350~540℃餾分的重質(zhì)油。
催化裂化工藝由三部分組成：原料油催化裂化、催化劑再生、產(chǎn)物分離。
催化裂化所得的產(chǎn)物經(jīng)分餾后可得到氣體、汽油、柴油和重質(zhì)餾分油。部分重質(zhì)油返回反應(yīng)器繼續(xù)加工稱為回?zé)捰?。催化裂化操作條件的改變或原料波動，可使產(chǎn)品組成出現(xiàn)變化。

催化重整
催化重整（簡稱重整）是在催化劑和氫氣存在下，將常壓蒸餾所得的輕汽油轉(zhuǎn)化成含芳烴較高的重整汽油的過程。如果以80~180℃餾分為原料，產(chǎn)品為高辛烷值汽油；如果以60~165℃餾分為原料油，產(chǎn)品主要是苯、甲苯、二甲苯等芳烴， 重整過程副產(chǎn)氫氣，可作為煉油廠加氫操作的氫源。重整的反應(yīng)條件是：反應(yīng)溫度為490~525℃，反應(yīng)壓力為1~2兆帕。重整的工藝過程可分為原料預(yù)處理和重整兩部分。

加氫裂化
加氫裂化過程是在高壓、氫氣存在下進行，需要催化劑，把重質(zhì)原料轉(zhuǎn)化成汽油、煤油、柴油和潤滑油。加氫裂化由于有氫存在，原料轉(zhuǎn)化的焦炭少，可除去有害的含硫、氮、氧的化合物，操作靈活，可按產(chǎn)品需求調(diào)整。產(chǎn)品收率較高，而且質(zhì)量好。

延遲焦化
它是在較長反應(yīng)時間下，使原料深度裂化，以生產(chǎn)固體石油焦炭為主要目的，同時獲得氣體和液體產(chǎn)物。延遲焦化用的原料主要是高沸點的渣油。延遲焦化的主要操作條件是：原料加熱后溫度約500℃， 焦炭塔在稍許正壓下操作。改變原料和操作條件可以調(diào)整汽油、柴油、裂化原料油、焦炭的比例。

煉廠氣加工
原油一次加工和二次加工的各生產(chǎn)裝置都有氣體產(chǎn)出，總稱為煉廠氣，就組成而言，主要有氫、甲烷、由2個碳原子組成的乙烷和乙烯、由3個碳原子組成的丙烷和丙烯、由4個碳原子組成的丁烷和丁烯等。它們的主要用途是作為生產(chǎn)汽油的原料和石油化工原料以及生產(chǎn)氫氣和氨。發(fā)展煉油廠氣加工的前提是要對煉廠氣先分離后利用。煉廠氣經(jīng)分離作化工原料的比重增加，如分出較純的乙烯可作乙苯； 分出較純的丙烯可作聚丙烯等。

烷基化
烷基化過程的目的是由煉油氣生產(chǎn)工業(yè)異辛烷，作為車用汽油（或航空汽油）的高辛烷值組成，以滿足優(yōu)質(zhì)、無鉛汽油的需要。

Refining is a process in which crude oil or other oils are distilled without changing the molecular structure. Because in the petroleum refining process, crude oil must undergo a series of processes to obtain useful petroleum products. Generally speaking, it refers to petroleum refining, that is, cracking crude oil into fuels such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel, heavy oil used in internal combustion engines, and producing chemical raw materials such as olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons. The current refineries are generally oil-based combined refining plant.

Refining generally refers to petroleum refining, which separates and produces fuel oil such as kerosene, gasoline, and diesel oil used in internal combustion engines by means of distillation. The by-products are petroleum gas and residual oil, which are heavier than fuel oil. It is also chemically converted into fuel oil by processes such as thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Some of these fuel oils are refined by a hydrogenation process.

The heaviest vacuum residue is produced by solvent deasphalting to produce deasphalted oil and petroleum asphalt, or delayed coking process to crack heavy oil into fuel oil component and by-product petroleum coke. Lubricating oil refineries produce various kinds of special industrial oils such as engine lubricating oil, mechanical oil, transformer oil and hydraulic oil through solvent refining, solvent dewaxing and supplementary hydrogenation. Hydrogenation processes are now used more in the production of fuel oils and lubricants. In addition, refineries that produce raw materials for petrochemicals also use a hydrocracking process.

There are many production processes for refining, mainly in the following categories

Atmospheric distillation
The crude oil is vaporized by means of a heating furnace, a fractionation tower, and the like, and hydrocarbons (general names of hydrocarbons) are evaporated at different temperatures, and then these materials are cooled to a liquid to produce a series of petroleum products. The process flow is: crude oil heat exchange → initial distillation → atmospheric distillation.

Decompression distillation
By reducing the pressure and lowering the boiling point, the atmospheric heavy oil is fractionated in a vacuum tower, and diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin, asphalt and the like are separated from the heavy oil.

Catalytic cracking
Catalytic cracking is developed in the thermal cracking process. It is the most important process for improving the depth of crude oil processing and producing high-quality gasoline and diesel. The raw materials are mainly heavy oils of 350 to 540 ° C fractions of crude oil distillation or other refinery units.
The catalytic cracking process consists of three parts: catalytic cracking of feedstock, catalyst regeneration, and product separation.
The product obtained by catalytic cracking can be fractionated to obtain gas, gasoline, diesel and heavy distillate. Part of the heavy oil returned to the reactor for further processing is called refining. Changes in the operating conditions of the catalytic cracking or fluctuations in the raw materials can cause changes in the composition of the product.

Catalytic reforming
Catalytic reforming (referred to as reforming) is a process of converting light gasoline obtained by atmospheric distillation into reformed gasoline containing higher aromatics in the presence of a catalyst and hydrogen. If the raw material is divided into 80~180 °C, the product is high-octane gasoline; if it is divided into 60-165 °C raw material oil, the products are mainly aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene, and hydrogen is produced as a by-product during the reforming process. Hydrogen source for refinery hydrogenation operations. The reaction conditions for reforming are: the reaction temperature is 490 to 525 ° C, and the reaction pressure is 1 to 2 MPa. The process of reforming can be divided into two parts: raw material pretreatment and reforming.

Hydrogenation
The hydrocracking process is carried out in the presence of high pressure and hydrogen, requiring a catalyst to convert heavy feedstocks into gasoline, kerosene, diesel and lubricating oils. Hydrocracking Due to the presence of hydrogen, the raw material converts less coke, which can remove harmful compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. It is flexible in operation and can be adjusted according to product requirements. The product yield is high and the quality is good.

Deferred coking
It is the main purpose of producing solid petroleum coke with long-term cracking of the raw material under a long reaction time, and at the same time obtaining gas and liquid products. The raw materials for delayed coking are mainly high boiling residue. The main operating conditions for delayed coking are: the temperature of the feedstock after heating is about 500 ° C, and the coke drum is operated at a slight positive pressure. The ratio of gasoline, diesel, cracked feedstock oil and coke can be adjusted by changing the raw materials and operating conditions.

Refinery gas processing
Each production unit of crude oil primary processing and secondary processing has gas output, which is collectively referred to as refinery gas. In terms of composition, there are mainly hydrogen, methane, ethane and ethylene composed of 2 carbon atoms, and 3 carbons. Propane and propylene having an atomic composition, butane and butene composed of 4 carbon atoms. Their main use is as a raw material for the production of gasoline and petrochemical raw materials as well as the production of hydrogen and ammonia. The premise of developing refinery gas processing is to separate and use the refinery gas. The refinery gas is separated into chemical raw materials, and the proportion of chemical raw materials is increased. For example, the purer ethylene can be used as ethylbenzene; the purer propylene can be used as polypropylene.

Alkylation
The purpose of the alkylation process is to produce industrial isooctane from refinery and oil, which is composed of high octane of motor gasoline (or aviation gasoline) to meet the needs of high quality, unleaded gasoline.

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